Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite 6G Networks for Ubiquitous Global Connectivity and Low-Latency Services

The occurrence of sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks provides a paradigm shift to a connected, robust, and ultralow-latency world. Yet, terrestrial networks are still lim-ited in their coverage, particularly in those remote and underserved areas, whereas satellite networks are characterized by high latency and shortage of spectrum. The limitation of this work is that to overcome this limitation an antenna-aware orchestration framework is proposed in this paper within integrated terrestrial and satellite 6G networks. The framework integrates heterogeneous areas by AI-enabled cross-domain coordination, dynamic resource allocation, and integrates directional antenna gain modeling explicitly as a function of elevation angle, and beamwidth. Impactful architectural characteristics com-prise smart beam-steering planning strategies and intelligent mobility-conscious spectrum together with beam-aligned handover administration. The influences of antenna misalign-ment on signal quality are mathematically and systematically examined and, as proven by simulations, significant gains in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER) and continu-ity of coverage improve considerably when the modulation scheme is used in high-mobility surroundings. The overall end-to-end latency and throughput of such a system is better than either of the standalone terrestrial or satellite implementations. The proposed architecture fills the gap that existed between RF-layer beamforming and network-layer mobility management thereby providing a solid basis of resiliency, mission-critical, and globally distributed 6G communication services.